The global distribution of cold environments – polar (land and marine based), alpine, glacial and periglacial.

Glaciers as systems – glacial budgets and Ice movement - internal deformation, rotational, compressional, extensional and basal sliding; warm and cold based glaciers.

Glacial processes and landscape development.

Glacier Erosion and deposition landforms

Alpine Glacial environments

Fluvioglacial processes – the role of melt water erosion and deposition.

Fluvioglacial landforms – melt water channels, kames, eskers and outwash plains.

Periglacial processes – nivation, permafrost formation, frost heave, solifluction.

Periglacial landforms – nivation hollows, ice wedges, patterned ground, pingos and solifluction lobes.

Exploitation and development in tundra areas

Exploitation of the Southern Ocean.